Peripheral Artery Disease is reduced blood flow through arteries outside the heart, most often in the legs. It usually happens when artery walls build up plaque and the vessel narrows. It can cause leg symptoms with walking or, sometimes, no symptoms at all. Clinicians use this term in primary care, cardiology, vascular medicine, and vascular surgery.

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. It describes a heart in which the left-sided pumping and outflow structures are underdeveloped. Because the left heart normally sends oxygen-rich blood to the body, this condition affects whole-body blood flow. The term is used in prenatal ultrasound reports, newborn intensive care, cardiology clinics, and surgical planning.

Ebstein Anomaly is a congenital (present at birth) heart condition that mainly affects the tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart. In Ebstein Anomaly, parts of the tricuspid valve are positioned lower than usual inside the right ventricle, and the valve may not close well. This can change how blood flows through the right heart and into the lungs. The term is commonly used in cardiology, congenital heart disease care, cardiac imaging, and cardiothoracic surgery planning.

TAPVR is a congenital heart condition where the pulmonary veins connect to the wrong place. Instead of draining oxygen-rich blood into the left atrium, the veins drain into the right side of the heart or nearby veins. This causes mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood and can reduce oxygen delivery to the body. TAPVR is most commonly discussed in newborn and pediatric cardiology, cardiac imaging, and congenital heart surgery.

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return is a congenital (present at birth) heart condition involving abnormal connections of the pulmonary veins. Instead of returning oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium, the pulmonary veins drain to the right side of the heart or to veins leading there. This creates mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood and changes normal blood flow through the heart and lungs. The term is commonly used in pediatric cardiology, congenital cardiac surgery, and cardiac imaging reports.

TGA most commonly refers to **transposition of the great arteries**, a congenital (present at birth) heart condition. In TGA, the two main arteries leaving the heart are connected to the “wrong” pumping chambers. This changes how oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood circulate through the body. TGA is a frequent topic in **newborn cardiology**, congenital heart disease care, and cardiothoracic surgery.

Transposition of the Great Arteries is a congenital heart defect present at birth. It means the two main arteries leaving the heart are switched in position. This changes how oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood circulate through the body. It is commonly discussed in prenatal diagnosis, newborn care, and congenital cardiology follow-up.

Coarctation of the Aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the body. It most often occurs in the upper chest near where the aorta forms the arch and branches to the head and arms. It is commonly discussed in congenital heart disease, pediatric cardiology, and adult congenital cardiology. Clinicians use the term when describing anatomy, symptoms, blood pressure patterns, and treatment planning.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart condition present from birth. It involves four related structural changes in the heart and nearby vessels. It is commonly discussed in pediatric cardiology, congenital heart surgery, and adult congenital heart disease care. It can cause low oxygen levels (cyanosis) and symptoms that vary widely by person.

PDA most commonly refers to **patent ductus arteriosus**, a congenital (present at birth) connection between two major arteries near the heart. In fetal life, this vessel is normal and helps route blood around the lungs. After birth, it is expected to close; when it stays open, it is called a PDA. Clinicians discuss PDA in pediatrics, adult congenital heart disease care, and cardiovascular imaging and procedures.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a blood vessel connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery that stays open after birth. Before birth, this channel is normal and helps blood bypass the lungs. After birth, it usually closes on its own as the newborn’s circulation transitions. The term is commonly used in pediatric cardiology, neonatal intensive care, and adult congenital heart disease care.

VSD most commonly means **ventricular septal defect**. It is a **hole in the wall (septum)** that separates the heart’s two lower chambers (the ventricles). VSD is most often **present from birth (congenital)**, but it can also be **acquired later in life** in specific conditions. It is commonly discussed in **pediatric cardiology**, **adult congenital heart disease care**, and **post–heart attack mechanical complications**.

Ventricular Septal Defect is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the heart’s two lower chambers (ventricles). It most often refers to a congenital (present at birth) heart defect, but it can also be acquired later in life. It can change how blood flows through the heart and lungs. It is commonly discussed in pediatric cardiology, adult congenital heart disease care, and cardiothoracic surgery.

ASD most commonly means **atrial septal defect**, a hole or gap in the wall between the heart’s two upper chambers. It is a **congenital heart defect**, meaning it is present from birth. ASD is commonly discussed in cardiology clinics, echocardiography reports, and adult congenital heart disease care. Depending on size and anatomy, an ASD can have little effect or can change how blood flows through the heart and lungs.

Atrial Septal Defect is a hole or opening in the wall (septum) between the heart’s two upper chambers (atria). It is a type of congenital heart disease, meaning it is present from birth, even if found later in life. Clinicians use the term when describing heart structure, blood flow patterns, and potential effects on the right side of the heart.

CHD most commonly means **coronary heart disease**, a condition where blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced. It is usually caused by narrowing of the **coronary arteries** (the heart’s own blood vessels). Clinicians use the term in clinic notes, hospital charts, imaging reports, and research to describe coronary artery–related disease. In some settings (especially pediatrics), CHD can also mean **congenital heart disease**, so context matters.

Congenital Heart Disease means a heart or great-vessel problem that is present at birth. It can affect the heart’s structure, the direction of blood flow, or how the heart pumps. The term is used in pediatrics and adult cardiology because many people now live well into adulthood with repaired or unrepaired defects. It is also used in imaging reports, surgical planning, and lifelong follow-up care.

Pericardiocentesis is a procedure that removes fluid from the sac around the heart. That sac is called the pericardium, and excess fluid is called a pericardial effusion. It is commonly used in emergency and hospital settings when fluid is affecting heart function. It can also be used to collect fluid for testing to help identify the cause of the effusion.

Pulsus Paradoxus is an exaggerated drop in systolic blood pressure during inspiration (breathing in). It is assessed at the bedside using a blood pressure cuff or an arterial line waveform. Clinicians use it as a clue to certain heart and lung conditions that restrict normal filling of the heart. It is a physiologic sign, not a disease by itself.

Cardiac Tamponade is a condition where fluid, blood, or air builds up around the heart and prevents it from filling normally. It happens inside the pericardium, the thin sac that surrounds the heart. Because the heart cannot fill well, less blood is pumped to the body. It is commonly discussed in emergency care, cardiology, critical care, and after some cardiac procedures.