Valve Replacement is a treatment that swaps a diseased heart valve for a new valve device. It is used when a native valve cannot open or close properly and blood flow is affected. It is commonly performed for aortic or mitral valve disease and can be done surgically or by catheter-based methods. The goal is to restore more normal forward blood flow and reduce strain on the heart.

Off-Pump CABG is a type of coronary artery bypass surgery performed while the heart is still beating. It aims to restore blood flow to heart muscle when coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. Unlike traditional bypass, it is done without using a heart-lung machine (cardiopulmonary bypass). It is commonly used in selected patients needing surgical revascularization for coronary artery disease.

CABG stands for **coronary artery bypass grafting**. It is a heart surgery used to improve blood flow to the heart muscle when coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked. It is commonly performed in hospitals with cardiothoracic surgery services and intensive cardiac monitoring. It is one form of **coronary revascularization**, meaning restoration of blood supply to heart tissue.

Coronary Bypass Surgery is an operation that creates new routes for blood to reach the heart muscle. It is most commonly used for coronary artery disease, where the heart’s own arteries become narrowed or blocked. The goal is to improve blood flow beyond the blockage and reduce symptoms or risk in selected patients. It is also called coronary artery bypass grafting (often abbreviated CABG).

IVL is short for **intravascular lithotripsy**. It is a catheter-based technique used to treat **hard, calcified plaque** inside blood vessels. IVL is most commonly used during **coronary** and **peripheral** endovascular procedures. It helps clinicians prepare a narrowed artery so other treatments, like stenting, can work as intended.

Intravascular Lithotripsy is a catheter-based technique used to treat hardened calcium inside blood vessel walls. It uses small, controlled pressure waves to modify calcium so a vessel can be widened more safely and predictably. It is most commonly used during coronary artery procedures (heart arteries) and some peripheral artery procedures (leg arteries).

Orbital Atherectomy is a catheter-based technique used to modify hard, calcified plaque inside an artery. It is most commonly used as a “lesion preparation” step before angioplasty or stent placement. Clinicians use it in coronary arteries (heart arteries) and in some peripheral arteries (such as leg arteries).

Rotational Atherectomy is a catheter-based technique used to modify hardened plaque inside an artery. It is most commonly used during coronary angioplasty procedures for coronary artery disease. Its goal is to make severe calcium in a narrowing easier to treat with balloons and stents. It is performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory by interventional cardiology teams.

Atherectomy is a catheter-based procedure that removes plaque from inside an artery. Plaque is a buildup of cholesterol, calcium, and scar-like tissue that can narrow blood flow. Atherectomy is most commonly used in arteries of the legs and sometimes in coronary (heart) arteries. It is usually performed as part of an endovascular (minimally invasive) approach to improve circulation.

Thrombectomy is a medical procedure to remove a blood clot (thrombus) from a blood vessel. It is used when a clot is blocking blood flow and may threaten an organ or limb. It is commonly discussed in stroke care, heart and vascular medicine, and interventional radiology. The goal is to reopen the blocked vessel and restore circulation.

BMS usually means **bare-metal stent**. It is a small metal mesh tube placed inside an artery to help keep it open. BMS is most commonly discussed in **coronary artery disease** during catheter-based procedures. It can also be used in selected **peripheral artery** situations, depending on the vessel and device.

A Bare-Metal Stent is a small metal mesh tube placed inside a narrowed blood vessel to help keep it open. It is most commonly used in the coronary arteries (the heart’s own arteries) during a catheter-based procedure. It may also be used in selected peripheral (non-heart) arteries depending on the clinical situation. Unlike drug-eluting stents, it does not have a medication coating designed to reduce tissue regrowth.

DES most commonly refers to a **drug-eluting stent** used in cardiology. It is a small metal mesh tube placed inside an artery to help keep it open. DES is most often used during **percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)** for coronary artery disease.

A Drug-Eluting Stent is a tiny metal mesh tube placed inside an artery to help keep it open. It slowly releases a medication into the vessel wall to reduce tissue re-growth inside the stent. It is most commonly used during coronary angioplasty for narrowed heart arteries. It can also be used in selected non-coronary arteries, depending on the condition and device.

A Coronary Stent is a small metal mesh tube placed inside a coronary artery. It helps keep an artery open after it has been widened with a balloon. It is most commonly used during a catheter-based procedure called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It is used to improve blood flow to heart muscle when an artery is narrowed or blocked.

Balloon Angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to widen a narrowed or blocked blood vessel. It works by inflating a small balloon inside the vessel to improve blood flow. It is most commonly used in the heart’s coronary arteries and in peripheral arteries in the legs. It is often performed with imaging guidance in a cardiac catheterization or endovascular suite.

Angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels. It most commonly treats artery narrowing from atherosclerosis (plaque buildup). It is widely used in coronary arteries (heart arteries) and in peripheral arteries (legs, arms, kidneys). It may be performed with a balloon alone or combined with a stent (a small metal scaffold).

PCI stands for percutaneous coronary intervention. It is a catheter-based procedure used to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. PCI is most commonly performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory (cath lab). It is used in both emergency care (heart attack) and planned care (stable coronary artery disease).

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention is a minimally invasive, catheter-based treatment to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. It is commonly performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory using X-ray guidance and contrast dye. It often includes balloon angioplasty and frequently the placement of a coronary stent. It is used in both urgent heart attack care and planned treatment for stable coronary artery disease.

HbA1c is a blood test that reflects average blood glucose (sugar) levels over time. It measures how much glucose has attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. HbA1c is commonly used to diagnose diabetes and to monitor long-term glucose control. In cardiovascular care, it is often used to understand cardiometabolic risk and guide overall risk assessment.