PVR most commonly means **pulmonary valve replacement**. It is a treatment that replaces a diseased or leaky **pulmonary valve**, which sits between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. PVR is often used in people with **congenital heart disease** (heart conditions present from birth). It can be done with **surgery** or with a **catheter-based** (minimally invasive) approach in selected patients.
Pulse Volume Recording is a noninvasive vascular test that measures how blood volume in an arm or leg changes with each heartbeat. It is commonly used to evaluate blood flow in the arteries of the limbs. Clinicians often use it when peripheral artery disease is suspected or needs follow-up. It is usually performed in a vascular lab or cardiology-related testing area.
Transcranial Doppler is an ultrasound test that measures blood flow in the brain’s major arteries. It uses sound waves to estimate how fast blood is moving through specific intracranial vessels. It is commonly used in stroke and neurocritical care, and sometimes in cardiovascular care when emboli or shunts are suspected. It is noninvasive and typically performed at the bedside or in an outpatient lab.
Carotid Duplex is an ultrasound test used to evaluate the carotid arteries in the neck. It combines structural imaging and blood-flow measurement in one exam. Clinicians use it to look for narrowing (stenosis) or blockage that could affect brain blood supply. It is commonly performed in vascular labs, cardiology practices, and hospital imaging departments.
Venous Doppler is an ultrasound test that evaluates blood flow in veins. It uses sound waves to show whether venous blood is moving normally or is blocked or reversed. It is commonly used to check for blood clots in the legs or arms and to assess chronic venous disease. It is also used in cardiovascular and hospital settings to evaluate central veins and venous access sites.
Duplex Ultrasound is a noninvasive imaging test that evaluates blood vessels and blood flow. It combines standard ultrasound pictures with Doppler measurements of moving blood. Clinicians commonly use it to assess arteries and veins in the neck, arms, abdomen, and legs. It is widely used in cardiovascular and vascular care to clarify symptoms and guide next steps.
TBI most commonly means **toe-brachial index** in cardiovascular medicine. It is a **ratio** comparing blood pressure at the toe to blood pressure in the arm. Clinicians use TBI to help evaluate **circulation in the legs and feet**, especially for peripheral artery disease. It is often discussed alongside the ankle-brachial index (ABI), particularly when ABI may be less reliable.
Toe-Brachial Index is a blood pressure ratio comparing the toe pressure to the arm (brachial) pressure. It is used to estimate blood flow to the lower leg and foot in a simple, noninvasive way. It is commonly used when peripheral artery disease is suspected, especially in people where ankle testing can be less reliable. Clinicians use it in vascular medicine, cardiology, podiatry, wound care, and limb-preservation settings.
ABI stands for ankle-brachial index. It is a simple comparison of blood pressure in the ankle and the arm. It helps clinicians evaluate blood flow to the legs. ABI is commonly used in cardiovascular and vascular medicine to screen for peripheral artery disease.
Ankle-Brachial Index is a simple ratio comparing blood pressure at the ankle to blood pressure in the arm. It helps clinicians understand how well blood is reaching the legs through the arteries. It is commonly used to evaluate for peripheral artery disease (PAD), a form of atherosclerosis in the legs. It is often performed in cardiology, vascular medicine, and primary care settings.
An EP Study is a specialized heart rhythm test performed by cardiac electrophysiology teams. It measures the heart’s electrical signals from inside the heart using thin catheter “wires.” It is commonly used in hospitals and electrophysiology labs to evaluate abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). In some cases, it is combined with treatment during the same session, such as catheter ablation.
An Electrophysiology Study is a specialized heart test that evaluates the heart’s electrical system from inside the heart. It uses thin catheters to record electrical signals and, when needed, to gently pace the heart. It is commonly used to investigate abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) such as fast or slow heartbeats. It is typically performed in a hospital electrophysiology (EP) lab by a cardiac electrophysiologist.
Tilt Table Test is a supervised test that evaluates how blood pressure and heart rate respond to changes in posture. It is commonly used when people have fainting, near-fainting, or dizziness that may relate to circulation or reflexes. The test is typically performed in a cardiology lab, electrophysiology unit, or autonomic testing clinic. It helps clinicians reproduce symptoms while monitoring the cardiovascular response in a controlled setting.
CPET stands for cardiopulmonary exercise testing. It measures how the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and muscles work together during exercise. It is commonly used in cardiology and pulmonary clinics to evaluate shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and functional capacity. It can help clarify whether symptoms are more likely cardiac, pulmonary, circulatory, muscular, or related to conditioning.
A Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test measures how your heart, lungs, and muscles work together during exercise. It combines an exercise test with breath-by-breath analysis of oxygen use and carbon dioxide production. It is commonly used in cardiology, pulmonary medicine, and sports or rehabilitation settings. It helps clinicians understand why symptoms like shortness of breath or fatigue happen with activity.
OCT is short for optical coherence tomography. It is an imaging method that uses light to create very detailed pictures of tissue. In cardiovascular care, OCT is most commonly used inside blood vessels during coronary angiography and stent procedures. It helps clinicians see the inside of an artery in cross-section, beyond what standard X-ray angiography shows.
Optical Coherence Tomography is a high-resolution imaging method that uses light to create detailed pictures of tissue. In cardiovascular care, it is most commonly used inside coronary arteries during cardiac catheterization. It helps clinicians see vessel walls, plaque, and stents in much finer detail than standard angiography. It is also used in other fields (such as eye care), but this overview focuses on heart and vascular applications.
IVUS stands for intravascular ultrasound. It is an imaging technique that uses sound waves from a tiny ultrasound probe inside a blood vessel. IVUS is most commonly used during cardiac catheterization to assess coronary arteries. It can also be used in selected peripheral vascular procedures.
Intravascular Ultrasound is an imaging test performed from inside a blood vessel using a tiny ultrasound probe on a catheter. It creates cross-sectional pictures of the artery wall and the space where blood flows. It is most commonly used during cardiac catheterization to assess coronary arteries and guide stent procedures. It can also be used in selected peripheral (non-heart) arteries.
iFR is a pressure-based index used to evaluate how much a coronary artery narrowing affects blood flow to the heart muscle. It is measured during a cardiac catheterization (coronary angiography) using a specialized pressure-sensing guidewire. iFR stands for “instantaneous wave-free ratio,” and it is calculated during a specific portion of the heartbeat when resistance is naturally lower and more stable. It is commonly used in cath labs to help decide whether a coronary stenosis (narrowing) is likely to benefit from revascularization, such as stenting.